Maffia "Maffia" auf Polnisch
Mafia war ursprünglich die Bezeichnung für einen streng hierarchischen Geheimbund, der seine Macht durch Erpressung, Gewalt und politische Einflussnahme zu festigen und auszubauen versucht und seine Wurzeln im Sizilien des Jahrhunderts hat. Maffia ist der Familienname folgender Personen. Pedro Maffia (–), argentinischer Tango-Musiker und -Komponist; Roma Maffia (* ). mafia oder maffia – Armut, Not (florentinischer Dialekt); mafi, mafio oder mafiun – kleinwüchsiger, missgestalteter Mensch; Rüpel, Bauer ohne Manieren, der weder. Mafia / Maffia. Unsere Wortliste zur neuen Rechtschreibung bietet Ihnen eine vergleichende Gegenüberstellung ausgewählter Neuschreibungen im Wandel der. Maffia (Deutsch). Bei Maffia handelt es sich um eine veraltete Schreibweise von Mafia, die seit der ungültig beziehungsweise nach der Empfehlung des Rats für. Maffia ist eine alte Schreibweise von Mafia. Sie ist nach der Empfehlung des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung vom Dezember nicht mehr korrekt. Übersetzung für 'Maffia' im kostenlosen Deutsch-Polnisch Wörterbuch und viele weitere Polnisch-Übersetzungen.

In reference to a man, mafiusu mafioso in Italian in 19th century Sicily signified "fearless", "enterprising", and "proud", according to scholar Diego Gambetta.
Because Sicily was once an Islamic emirate from to , mafia may have come to Sicilian through Arabic , though the word's origins are uncertain.
Possible Arabic roots of the word include:. Soon after, the use of the term "mafia" began appearing in the Italian state's early reports on the phenomenon.
The term "mafia" was never officially used by Sicilian mafiosi, who prefer to refer to their organization as " Cosa Nostra ".
Nevertheless, it is typically by comparison to the groups and families that comprise the Sicilian Mafia that other criminal groups are given the label.
Giovanni Falcone , an anti-Mafia judge murdered by the Sicilian Mafia in , objected to the conflation of the term "Mafia" with organized crime in general:.
While there was a time when people were reluctant to pronounce the word "Mafia" I am no longer willing to accept the habit of speaking of the Mafia in descriptive and all-inclusive terms that make it possible to stack up phenomena that are indeed related to the field of organized crime but that have little or nothing in common with the Mafia.
Scholars such as Diego Gambetta [17] and Leopoldo Franchetti have characterized the Sicilian Mafia as a "cartel of private protection firms", whose primary business is protection racketeering : they use their fearsome reputation for violence to deter people from swindling, robbing, or competing with those who pay them for protection.
For many businessmen in Sicily, they provide an essential service when they cannot rely on the police and judiciary to enforce their contracts and protect their properties from thieves this is often because they are engaged in black market deals.
The [Sicilian] mafia's principal activities are settling disputes among other criminals, protecting them against each other's cheating, and organizing and overseeing illicit agreements, often involving many agents, such as illicit cartel agreements in otherwise legal industries.
Scholars have observed that many other societies around the world have criminal organizations of their own that provide essentially the same protection service through similar methods.
For instance, in Russia after the collapse of Communism, the state security system had all but collapsed, forcing businessmen to hire criminal gangs to enforce their contracts and protect their properties from thieves.
These gangs are popularly called "the Russian Mafia" by foreigners, but they prefer to go by the term krysha.
With the [Russian] state in collapse and the security forces overwhelmed and unable to police contract law, [ In his analysis of the Sicilian Mafia, Gambetta provided the following hypothetical scenario to illustrate the Mafia's function in the Sicilian economy.
Suppose a grocer wants to buy meat from a butcher without paying sales tax to the government. Because this is a black market deal, neither party can take the other to court if the other cheats.
The grocer is afraid that the butcher will sell him rotten meat. The butcher is afraid that the grocer will not pay him. If the butcher and the grocer can't get over their mistrust and refuse to trade, they would both miss out on an opportunity for profit.
Their solution is to ask the local mafioso to oversee the transaction, in exchange for a fee proportional to the value of the transaction but below the legal tax.
If the butcher cheats the grocer by selling rotten meat, the mafioso will punish the butcher. If the grocer cheats the butcher by not paying on time and in full, the mafioso will punish the grocer.
Punishment might take the form of a violent assault or vandalism against property. The grocer and the butcher both fear the mafioso, so each honors their side of the bargain.
All three parties profit. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The dashed line are the results predicted by the False Strategy theorem.
The False Strategy theorem tells us that with enough trials, there is no Sharpe ratio threshold sufficiently high enough to reject the hypothesis that a strategy is false.
Given the ease with which one can use a computer to explore many variations of a fund or strategy and only select the optimal variation, it follows that it is very easy to produce impressive-looking designs that are nothing more than false positives.
This is the essence of backtest overfitting , which is an instance of the larger problem of selection bias under multiple testing , a problem that afflicts finance and numerous other fields of science and technology.
We are also concerned with the proliferation of pseudomathematical investment advice and financial columns in the past few years, which appear to be based on sophisticated mathematics and statistics, but which, upon more rigorous analysis, are at best questionable.
We encourage the reader to search the Internet for terms such as "technical indicators," "technical analysis" "Elliott waves," "Fibonacci ratios," "Golden ratios," "parabolic SAR," "pivot point," "momentum," "stochastic oscillators," and others in the context of finance.
Although such terms clearly evoke precise mathematical concepts, in fact, in almost all cases, their usage is scientifically unsound.
It is particularly disappointing that such pseudomathematical language and techniques are being promoted by leading financial news organizations and brokerage houses.
Again, the reader is invited to log in to his or her own brokerage service and search for terminology such as those listed in the previous paragraph in the broker's analysis of various stocks, bonds, mutual funds and exchange-traded funds.
The fact that these brokers have a vested interest in their customers' frequent trading makes such commentary particularly galling.
Historically scientists have led the way in exposing those who utilize pseudoscience to extract a commercial benefit. In the 18th and 19th century, physicists exposed the nonsense of astrologers, and beginning in the 20th century governments started requiring strict double-blind scientific tests, with rigorous statistical standards, of all pharmaceutical products.


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Az orosz maffia még a Szovjetunióban jöttMaffia Mafia / Maffia
Ein Beispiel Lkw Infos. Die deutsche Justiz kennt auch keine Schutzgelderpressung als Straftatbestand. Waffen- Drogenhandel und Schutzgelderpressung. Jahrhunderts hat. Hauptseite Themenportale Zufälliger Artikel. Juni veröffentlicht hat.





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es ist nicht klar
Es ist schade, dass ich mich jetzt nicht aussprechen kann - es gibt keine freie Zeit. Ich werde befreit werden - unbedingt werde ich die Meinung in dieser Frage aussprechen.